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 The term ''movimento libertario'' (''libertarian movement'' in English) in Italian language has a dual meaning.
-Historically, it first generally refers to the [[Italian anarchism]] and European [[anarchist]] movements (''libertarism'') with Marxian and [[social anarchist]] inspirations.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Woodcock | first = George | title = L'anarchia: storia delle idee e dei movimenti libertari | publisher = Feltrinelli Editore | location = Milano | year = 1966}}</ref>
+Historically, it first generally refers to the [[Italian anarchism]] and European [[anarchist]] movements (''libertarism'') with Marxian and [[social anarchist]] inspirations.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Woodcock | first = George | title = L'anarchia: storia delle idee e dei movimenti libertari | publisher = Feltrinelli Editore | location = Milano | year = 1966}}</ref> The anarchist socialist tradition uses the term ''libertario'' to describe themselves and their ideas since 1857. The French [[Anarchist communism|anarchist communist]] [[Joseph Déjacque]] employed the term ''libertario'' in a political sense in an open letter criticizing [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]].<ref name="Graham">''[[Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas]] - Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939)]'', ed. [[Robert Graham (historian)|Robert Graham]]; includes English translations of Joseph Dejacque's 1857 letter to Proudhon.</ref><ref name="dejacque">[http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm "De l'être-humain mâle et femelle–Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque"] (in [[French language|French]])</ref>
-The anarchist socialist tradition uses the term ''libertario'' to describe themselves and their ideas since 1857.
+In the 1960s, Italian jurist and philosophy classic liberal [[Bruno Leoni]]<ref>Antonio Masala, ''Il liberalismo di Bruno Leoni'', Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 2003.</ref> introduced in Italy American libertarianism concepts of natural right and ideology of private property ([[propertarianism]]) based on theorizations of Murray Newton Rothbard's book ''[[Man, Economy, and State]]''. In 1961, Leoni wrote his book ''[[Freedom and the Law]]''<ref>Bruno Leoni, [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=920&Itemid=27 ''Freedom and the Law''], New York, Nostrand, 1961</ref> in English, the result of lectures in [[California]] in 1958. In this work he points out the importance of the historical law (Roman jus civile and English [[Common law]]) and he is very critical towards modern legislation and the idea that law can be the simple outcome of a political decision.
-The French [[Anarchist communism|anarchist communist]] [[Joseph Déjacque]] employed the term ''libertario'' in a political sense in an open letter criticizing [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]].<ref name="Graham">''[[Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas]] - Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939)]'', ed. [[Robert Graham (historian)|Robert Graham]]; includes English translations of Joseph Dejacque's 1857 letter to Proudhon.</ref><ref name="dejacque">[http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm "De l'être-humain mâle et femelle–Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque"] (in [[French language|French]])</ref>
-Déjacque said Proudhon was "libéral et non LIBERTAIRE", that is, the [[neologism]] was coined specifically as a distinction from the classical liberalism that Proudhon advocated in relation to economic exchange, in contrast to the more [[libertarian communist]] approach advocated by Déjacque.<ref name="Graham"/><ref name="Déjacque1857concerning">[http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/etudes/neologisme.htm Pelosse, Valentin (1972). ''Joseph Déjacque and the Neologism Libertarian'']</ref>
-From 1858 until 1861 Déjacque published in New York a journal called ''Le Libertaire: Journal du Mouvement Social''.<ref name="Nettlau">''[http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/libertaire.htm Le Libertaire]—all editions online</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Short History of Anarchism |last=Nettlau |first=Max |authorlink=Max Nettlau |year=1996 |pages=75–6, 162}}</ref>
-Since the 1890s the term "libertarianism" has often been used as a synonym for left-wing anarchism or [[libertarian socialism]],<ref name="Nettlau"/> and exclusively so until the 1950s in the United States.<ref name=whosalib>{{Cite journal|last=Russell |first=Dean |year=1955 |month=May |title=Who Is A Libertarian? |journal=The Freeman |volume=5 |issue=5 |publisher=The Foundation for Economic Education |url=http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/who-is-a-libertarian/ |accessdate=March 6, 2010}}</ref><ref name=AnarchismVSI>Colin Ward, [http://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC ''Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction''], [[Oxford University Press]], 2004, p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal ''Le Libertaire'' was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers..."</ref><ref name=LibismAndAnarch>
-* Goodway, David. Anarchists Seed Beneath the Snow. Liverpool Press. 2006, p. 4
-* MacDonald, Dwight & Wreszin, Michael. Interviews with [[Dwight Macdonald]]. University Press of Mississippi, 2003. p. 82
-* Gay, Kathlyn. Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy. ABC-CLIO / University of Michigan, 2006, p. 126
-* [[George Woodcock|Woodcock, George]]. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press, 2004. (Uses the terms interchangeably, such as on page 10)
-</ref>
-In the 1960s, Italian jurist and philosophy classic liberal [[Bruno Leoni]]<ref>Antonio Masala, ''Il liberalismo di Bruno Leoni'', Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 2003.</ref> introduced in Italy American libertarianism concepts of natural right and ideology of private property ([[propertarianism]]) based on theorizations of Murray Newton Rothbard's book ''[[Man, Economy, and State]]''.
-In 1961, Leoni wrote his book ''[[Freedom and the Law]]''<ref>Bruno Leoni, [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=920&Itemid=27 ''Freedom and the Law''], New York, Nostrand, 1961</ref> in English, the result of lectures in [[California]] in 1958.
-In this work he points out the importance of the historical law (Roman jus civile and English [[Common law]]) and he is very critical towards modern legislation and the idea that law can be the simple outcome of a political decision.
-Reflections on the law of Leoni, including criticism of [[Hans Kelsen]], help to better understand the extraordinary potential of the Austrian School of Social Sciences, which originated with [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[Friedrich von Hayek]]<ref>Carlo Lottieri, ''Bruno Leoni e l'ombra di Hayek. Libertà individuale, common law e Stato moderno'', in Antonio Masala, a cura di, ''La teoria politica di Bruno Leoni'', Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 2005, p. 158.</ref> and Murray N. Rothbard.<ref name="austrian">[http://www.opinione.it/articolo.php?arg=2&art=50649 ''The legacy of the Austrian School''] ''l'Opinione'', by William Longhi. Retrieved on April 29, 2004.</ref>
-Using the juridical methodological individualism, the analysis of institutions and the evolutionary origin of subjective value theory, Leoni has shown that not only the economy but the entire reflection on society can benefit greatly from the basic teachings of the Austrian school.
 Leoni did not introduced the term ''libertarianism'' in Italy but only the concepts of this political theory that advocates the maximization of individual [[liberty]] in thought and action<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/libertarianism Definition of libertarianism] in [[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]</ref><ref name=Stanford>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vallentyne |first=Peter |editor=Edward N. Zalta |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Libertarianism |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/libertarianism/ |accessdate=March 5, 2010 |edition=Spring 2009 |date=September 5, 2002 |year=2009 |month=March |id={{ISSN|1095-5054}} |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |location=[[Stanford, CA]]}}</ref> and the minimization or even abolition of the [[Sovereign state|state]].<ref>Professor Brian Martin, [http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/95state.html Eliminating state crime by abolishing the state]; Murray Rothbard, [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard75.html Do You Hate the State?], [[The Libertarian Forum]], Vol. 10, No. 7, July 1977; [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/feser2.html What Libertarianism Isn't]; [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig7/alston3.html A Libertarian Cheat Sheet] by Wilton D. Alston; Murrary Rothbard, [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard168.html Myth and Truth About Libertarianism].</ref><ref>Sciabarra, Chris Mathew. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ly9S2quKl1EC&dq=Total+Freedom:+Toward+a+Dialectical+Libertarianism&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism''], Penn State Press, 2000, p. 193.</ref>
-So these concepts, strongly anti-state and against [[monopolism]] (see especially the essay  ''Mito e realtà dei monopoli'', 1965), have been interpreted by many Italians observers and intellectuals critics as a subspecies of Italian anarchism (''libertarism'').<ref>Carlo Lottieri, ''Le ragioni del diritto. Libertà individuale e ordine giuridico nel pensiero di Bruno Leoni'', Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 2006.</ref>
+Italian libertarians of the Movimento Libertario use the Italian anarchic term ''libertario'' not to refer to European ideas and methods of traditional anarchism, but to refer to the concepts of principles of [[market liberalism]]. They want also to remark and increase the cultural distance from Italian and European conception of [[liberalism]], that in the 20th century appeared as [[democratic liberalism]] forms of statism. Italian libertarians of the ML often prefer to define themselves as libertarians ''libertari'' but with adjective connotative of anarcho-capitalists, to distinguish themselves as pro-market supporters from the libertarians socialists or the traditional anarchists.
-In 1978 the French economist [[Henri Lepage (economist)|Henri Lepage]] with his book ''Demain le Capitalisme'' (''Capitalism Tomorrow''), based on an overview of the new libertarian thinkers, introduced in Europe the term ''libertarianism'' with the obvious intention to avoid misunderstandings; but after a decade of use of the Italian term ''libertario'' in reference to the concepts and principles of libertarianism, the [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] ideas became famous under the name of ''libertarism''.
-So the meaning of the term ''libertario'' coexists in Italy with the traditional collectivist anarchism but also with the Anglo-Saxon meaning of libertarianism free-market philosophy.
-Italian libertarians of the Movimento Libertario use the Italian anarchic term ''libertario'' not to refer to European ideas and methods of traditional anarchism, but to refer to the concepts of principles of [[market liberalism]].
-They want also to remark and increase the cultural distance from Italian and European conception of [[liberalism]], that in the 20th century appeared as [[democratic liberalism]] forms of statism.
-Italian libertarians of the ML often prefer to define themselves as libertarians ''libertari'' but with adjective connotative of anarcho-capitalists, to distinguish themselves as pro-market supporters from the libertarians socialists or the traditional anarchists.
-It is preferred{{By whom|date=September 2010}} to use in the Italian anarchist context the indicative categories of anarcho-capitalism (as right anarchism) and [[anarcho-communist]] (as [[left anarchism]]) to indicate and clearly distinguish respectively the different [[Anarchist schools of thought|anarchist school of thought]] with Rothbardian inspiration on market and property (like the ML) from the communist inspired groups.
-The American libertarianism, whether in the anarcho-capitalist form that in its various meanings attributable, claims its presence in the vision of anarchism, although this comes especially from classical liberalism carried to its extreme and radical considerations.<ref name="Norman P. Barry">Norman P. Barry, ''Del liberalismo classico e del libertarianismo'', ELiDiR , Roma, 1993</ref>
-The anarchism in the anarcho-capitalism philosophy is a nonviolent form, that derives to the purpose of eliminate the State to realize a [[free market anarchism]] as [[voluntary society]], it is not an end in itself unlike of the [[European individualist anarchism|European anarchism traditional]] array, but rather the natural consequence of opposition to the statism.
-Anarcho-capitalism is an individualist anarchism<ref>Adams, Ian. 2002. Political Ideology Today. p. 135. Manchester University Press; Ostergaard, Geoffrey. 2003. Anarchism. In W. Outwaite (Ed.), ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought''. p. 14. Blackwell Publishing</ref> [[political philosophy]] that advocates the elimination of the Sovereign state and the elevation of the sovereign individual in a free market.
-Traditional and collectivists Italian anarchists, they judge the ML as not a real anarchist movement, but they think that rather is a ploy of the classic liberal elite and middle class to increase social inequality.
-They also consider that the term ''libertario'' or at least inappropriate for the nature of the movement within the Italian historical context.<ref name="Norman P. Barry" />
-The members of the Movimento Libertario reject the manipulation of their identity and image by traditional and collectivist anarchists, and claim for themselves the correctness of the use of the definition of Italian anarchist libertarian (''libertari''), stressing their opposition to the use of bombs and violence by the [[insurrectionary anarchism]].
-If the anarchism considers also the anarcho-capitalism as movement that tend to want to keep the rules without state, in turn the anarcho-capitalism considers acceptable only the rules that derives from natural rights.
-The anarcho-capitalism libertarian criticizes the anarchism and [[collectivist anarchism]], because they tends to focus without consistency on the objectives anti-statists, they both believe that a [[spontaneous order]] based on market competition and exchange is impossible.<ref>[http://www.movimentolibertario.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5218:anarco-capitalismo-contro-anarco-nazicomunismo&catid=1:latest-news ''Anarcho-capitalism against anarcho-national-communism''] ''Enclave'' n°15, 2001, by Guglielmo Piombini. Retrieved on May 8, 2010. Archived from [http://www.movimentolibertario.it/ http://www.movimentolibertario.it/]</ref>
-According to the anarcho-capitalists, the traditional anarchism tends only to develop itself as an ultimate violent goal; they interpret the concept of anarchy as synonymous of [[anomie]] without rules, scaring the people with the violence.
-Traditional social anarchists are incapable of understanding the natural dynamics of free market economy choice and the difference with the corporative state economy, the anarcho-communism don't defend the freedom of choice through the abolition of property with the individual subordination to the community.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
-The Movimento Libertario believes that only the anarcho-capitalist option, based on [[private property]] and respect for natural rights, is a prerequisite for a future peaceful free-market society without a state in Italy.
-The functions now performed by the [[Welfare State]] should return to free associations, community and voluntary philanthropic spirit.
-In an anarcho-capitalist society, [[Police|law enforcement]], [[court]]s, and all other security services would be provided by voluntarily-funded competitors such as [[private defense agencies]] rather than through [[tax]]ation, and [[money]] would be [[free banking|privately and competitively provided]] in an open market.
-According to anarcho-capitalists, personal and [[economic]] activities would be regulated by the [[natural law]]s of the market and through [[private law]] rather than through [[politics]].
-Promoting a common framework of action and shared principles does not mean that reality to must to be necessarily only a utilitarian development anarcho-capitalist model strictly, or necessarily a teleological-purposive as an anarcho-capitalist identity in terms of principal presence.
-It is possible that within the general context of acceptance of [[property right]]s, free trade and non-aggression axiom between individuals, can be formed on the territory other future models related to different forms of social-economic libertarian perspectives in peaceful competition with each others.<ref>Friedman, David D. ''The Machinery of Freedom''. Chapter 42</ref>
-Although it is highly doubtful that these future models of alternative development can lead wealth and prosperity if will miss the awareness of an underlying future recognition about the respect of principles between people of enclaves.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
-Anarcho-capitalist libertarians believe that the only just, and/or most economically beneficial, way to acquire property is through voluntary [[trade]], gift, or labor-based [[homestead principle (ethics)|original appropriation]], rather than through aggression or fraud.<ref>[[Paul Avrich|Avrich, Paul]]. ''Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Abridged Paperback Edition (1996), p. 282</ref>
-The Movimento Libertario want to match the prospective of context anarcho-capitalist the possible realizations of similar alternative developments.
+Traditional and collectivists Italian anarchists, they judge the ML as not a real anarchist movement, but they think that rather is a ploy of the classic liberal elite and middle class to increase social inequality. They also consider that the term ''libertario'' or at least inappropriate for the nature of the movement within the Italian historical context.<ref name="Norman P. Barry" />
 ==Cultural diffusion==